Can international environmental agreements induce innovation on green technologies? It is possible that international negotiations succeed only once technological solutions are available. In this case, agreements would help diffuse such technologies rather than fostering their development. I provide the first quantitative evidence that the Montreal Protocol, and its following amendments to protect the ozone layer, triggered a large increase in research and innovation on alternatives to ozone-depleting molecules. To do this, I use the full text of patents and scientific articles to construct new panel data of the yearly number of published documents about these molecules. I implement a difference-in-differences strategy (DiD) and a synthetic control method (SCM) using hazardous air pollutants as control units. To compare molecules’ chemical and industrial characteristics, I construct descriptive variables by applying machine learning techniques to the documents’ text. The SCM estimates that the post-Montreal regime caused a 144% increase in patents and a 189% increase in articles mentioning substitutes to ozone-depleting substances; the DiD yields comparable estimates. These results challenge the view that agreements foster technological diffusion without affecting much of the dynamics of innovation. Agreements can thus encourage the development of green technologies, which importantly suggests they should be negotiated as early as possible if we hope to solve global environmental problems.

Previous studies have typically modeled green technological change as innovations in the process through which goods are produced (e.g., abatement technologies or en- ergy sources). But greening the economy also requires changing the products that we use. The automotive industry, for example, needs to deploy large fleets of electric or hydrogen-based vehicles. Product manufacturing nowadays occurs within supply-chain networks, and developing new products typically requires complementary investments by suppliers. In this paper, we study the incentives for green product innovation in industrial networks and how policies can affect them. We follow the industrial organization theory of product differentiation, and model green product innovations as upgrades in product quality where inputs from suppliers are essential for upgrading quality. We show that suppliers can be innovation bottlenecks and render policy instruments less effective. An extension of the model introduces uncertainty in the direction of technological change. Here, we provide an explicit mechanism for the role of institutions that can help actors coordinate on a long-term direction of innovation. Finally, we discuss how our results help organize several findings from case studies in the automotive industry.

We designed a randomized controlled trial on willingness to pay (WTP) for a type of off-grid solar technology to understand the extent of information barriers in adopting such household products. We gave high-quality solar lanterns to randomly selected seed households in a non-electrified part of rural India. We randomly assigned three friends of the seed to treatments that led them to different exposure to their peer. We also introduced a second treatment to investigate whether the seed’s gender identity impacts the magnitude of peer effects. We show that, while unincentivized communication increases WTP by 90% and incentivized communication by 145%, gender seems not to matter. We also show that learning from others is the mechanism that drives the increase in WTP.